Big Water é um livro da estante dos Latin American Studies. Mais que isso, pretende definir os estudos sobre a tríplice fronteira entre Argentina, Brasil e Paraguai como um “novo campo de estudos históricos”. Trata-se de um livro coletivo, organizado por Jacob Blanc e Frederico Freitas, sobre “uma das áreas mais dinâmicas e menos estudada” da América Latina.

Deleuze, em Francis Bacon – Lógica da sensação, destaca três elementos pictóricos como características fundamentais das pinturas de Bacon: a estrutura material, a figura e o contorno que isola a figura. Esses elementos revelam que o tema do pintor é o sofrimento do homem moderno, sozinho em seu quarto. Sofrimento entendido como o tormento interior de um corpo imerso no caos, em um universo sem sentido. O artista exprime o “corpo vivido” em meio ao desmoronamento da ordem das coisas. A (...) sequela mais evidente desse ambiente insólito é a “extrema solidão da Figura”. Esse mundo retratado por Bacon, está atrelado à filosofia nietzschiana que descreve o mundo como “dionisíaco”, isto é, sem finalidade e sem propósito. Para Nietzsche, a “morte de Deus” evidencia o nada existencial e a supressão do sentido das coisas. O resultado mais imediato da constatação da “morte de Deus” é a solidão. Todavia, tanto para o artista, quanto para o filósofo, a solidão é ambígua: ou pode ser fonte de niilismo, de necessidade de fuga ou fonte de afirmação. Nesse trabalho, pretendemos confrontar as obras de Bacon, descritas por Deleuze, com a filosofia nietzschiana, destacando a significação que ambos atribuem à solidão como consequência da constatação do mundo-caos. (shrink)

Dentro de las tesis que definen la metafísica de Leibniz, destaca aquella según la cual las esencias encierran una pretensión a la existencia. Esta tesis ha despertado un singular interés entre los comentaristas de Leibniz, dando origen a un debate que enfrenta a aquellos que defienden una interpretación metafórica con aquellos que profesan una interpretación literal: si el primer grupo sostiene que tal pretensión ha de entenderse como una atribución metafórica en virtud de la cual las esencias, desprovistas de tal (...) característica, son susceptibles de alcanzar la existencia al ser actualizadas por Dios, para el segundo grupo, las esencias son portadoras en sí de tal característica, la que debe entenderse entonces como una cualidad real e inherente presente en ellas. A partir de un examen de diversos manuscritos de Leibniz, nuestro propósito es reivindicar una interpretación literal de la tesis de la pretensión de las esencias a la existencia, explicando por qué la interpretación metafórica, además de carecer de fundamento, entraña contradicciones. (shrink)

Nas últimas décadas, discussões sobre interculturalidade efetivaram-se no cenário intelectual latino-americano, relacionando os temas mais diversos a partir de diferentes interlocutores e pensadores. Muitos desses fizeram emergir a realidade latino-americana denunciando o parasitismo colonial (Manoel Bonfim), anunciando que a Nuestra America pode libertar-se da dominação Ibérica (José Marti) quando os princípios universais como a justiça, o reconhecimento do outro e a comunicação forem porta-vozes de mudanças (Raul Fornet-Betancourt; Ricardo Salas). A educação possui papel fundamental nesse processo (Catherine Walsh; Fidel Tubino). (...) Por isso, neste artigo fruto de aulas, leituras, pesquisas e dedicação ao curso oferecido pela PUC Minas, na disciplina: Educação, Interculturalidade e Espiritualidade, temos como objetivo identificar os principais pressupostos para se pensar e desenvolver uma educação escolar, de víeis Intercultural Latino-Americana, a partir de uma metodologia qualitativa, documental e pesquisa bibliográfica desenvolvida com base em material publicado como livros, artigos periódicos e entrevistas. De que maneira este diálogo e pressupostos contribuem para a educação escolar? Nestes tempos, em que se discute novos paradigmas para educação escolar, acredita-se que a interculturalidade crítica coopera para desvelar os projetos hegemônicos. (shrink)

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion.

Es, quiza, la coleccion mas abierta que existe en cuestiones de etica, aunque se ha ocupado tambien de antropologia, estetica, ontologia, teoria del conocimiento e historia de la filosofia. El primer titulo que se publico en la coleccion fue la gran Historia de la filosofia y de la ciencia en tres volumenes de Ludovico Geymonat. A este le han seguido obras de A. J. Ayer, A. MacIntyre, Ernst Tugendhat, Antoni Domenech, Anna Estany, Agnes Heller, F. Fernandez Buey, Carlos Paris, Emilio (...) Lledo, Manuel Sacristan, John Rawls o Ludwig Wittgenstein. Victoria Camps ha dirigido, ademas, una gran Historia de la etica, en tres volumenes, en la que han colaborado los mejores especialistas espanoles. (shrink)

Various sexist and racist beliefs ascribe certain negative qualities to people of a given sex or race. Epistemic allies are people who think that in normal circumstances rationality requires the rejection of such sexist and racist beliefs upon learning of many counter-instances, i.e. members of these groups who lack the target negative quality. Accordingly, epistemic allies think that those who give up their sexist or racist beliefs in such circumstances are rationally responding to their evidence, while those who do not (...) are irrational in failing to respond to their evidence by giving up their belief. This is a common view among philosophers and non-philosophers. But epistemic allies face three problems. First, sexist and racist beliefs often involve generic propositions. These sorts of propositions are notoriously resilient in the face of counter-instances since the truth of generic propositions is typically compatible with the existence of many counter-instances. Second, background beliefs can enable one to explain away counter-instances to one’s beliefs. So even when counter-instances might otherwise constitute strong evidence against the truth of the generic, the ability to explain the counter-instances away with relevant background beliefs can make it rational to retain one’s belief in the generic despite the existence of many counter-instances. The final problem is that the kinds of judgements epistemic allies want to make about the irrationality of sexist and racist beliefs upon encountering many counter-instances is at odds with the judgements that we are inclined to make in seemingly parallel cases about the rationality of non-sexist and non-racist generic beliefs. Thus epistemic allies may end up having to give up on plausible normative supervenience principles. All together, these problems pose a significant prima facie challenge to epistemic allies. In what follows I explain how a Bayesian approach to the relation between evidence and belief can neatly untie these knots. The basic story is one of defeat: Bayesianism explains when one is required to become increasingly confident in chance propositions, and confidence in chance propositions can make belief in corresponding generics irrational. (shrink)

In the United States today, much interpersonal racism is driven by corrupt forms of self-preservation. Drawing from Jean- Jacques Rousseau, I refer to this as self-love racism. The byproduct of socially-induced racial anxieties and perceived threats to one’s physical or social wellbeing, self-love racism is the protective attachment to the racialized dimensions of one’s social status, wealth, privilege, and/or identity. Examples include police officer related shootings of unarmed Black Americans, anti-immigrant sentiment, and the resurgence of unabashed white supremacy. This form (...) of racism is defined less by the introduction of racism into the world and more on the perpetuation of racially unjust socioeconomic and political structures. My theory, therefore, works at the intersection of the interpersonal and structural by offering an account of moral complacency in racist social structures. My goal is to reorient the directionality of philosophical work on racism by questioning the sense of innocence at the core of white ways-of-being. (shrink)

A Lockean metaphysics of belief that understands outright belief as a determinable with degrees of confidence as determinates is supposed to effect a unification of traditional coarse-grained epistemology of belief with fine-grained epistemology of confidence. But determination of belief by confidence would not by itself yield the result that norms for confidence carry over to norms for outright belief unless belief and high confidence are token identical. We argue that this token-identity thesis is incompatible with the neglected phenomenon of “mistuned (...) knowledge” – knowledge in the absence of rational confidence. We show how partial epistemological unification can be secured, even without token identity, given determination of outright belief by degrees of confidence. Finally, we suggest a direction for the pursuit of thoroughgoing epistemological unification. (shrink)

The contention that medical artificial intelligence (AI) should be ‘explainable’ is widespread in contemporary philosophy and in legal and best practice documents. Yet critics argue that ‘explainability’ is not a stable concept; non-explainable AI is often more accurate; mechanisms intended to improve explainability do not improve understanding and introduce new epistemic concerns; and explainability requirements are ad hoc where human medical decision-making is often opaque. A recent ‘political response’ to these issues contends that AI used in high-stakes scenarios, including medical (...) AI, must be explainable to meet basic standards of legitimacy: People are owed reasons for decisions that impact their vital interests, and this requires explainable AI. This article demonstrates why the political response fails. Attending to systemic considerations, as its proponents desire, suggests that the political response is subject to the same criticisms as other arguments for explainable AI and presents new issues. It also suggests that decision-making about non-explainable medical AI can meet public reason standards. The most plausible version of the response amounts to a simple claim that public reason demands reasons why AI is permitted. But that does not actually support explainable AI or respond to criticisms of strong requirements for explainable medical AI. (shrink)

Tradução do opúsculo "A Natureza em si Mesma".

South Africa shared with the world the warning of a new strain of SARS-CoV2, Omicron, in November 2021. As a result, many high-income countries (HICs) instituted complete travel bans on persons leaving South Africa and other neighbouring countries. These bans were unnecessary from a scientific standpoint, and they ran counter to the International Health Regulations. In short, South Africa was penalized for sharing data. Data sharing during pandemics is commonly justified by appeals to solidarity. In this paper, we argue that (...) solidarity is, at best, an aspirational ideal to work toward but that it cannot ground an obligation to share data. Instead, low-and-middle income countries (LIMCs) should be guided by the principle of reciprocity, which states that we ought to return good for good received. Reciprocity is necessarily a conditional principle. LMICs, we argue, should only share data during future pandemics on the condition that HICs provide enforceable assurances that the benefits of data sharing will be equitably distributed and that LMICs won’t be penalized for sharing information. (shrink)

In this paper I discuss Husserl's solution of the problem of imaginary elements in mathematics as presented in the drafts for two lectures hegave in Göttingen in 1901 and other related texts of the same period,a problem that had occupied Husserl since the beginning of 1890, whenhe was planning a never published sequel to Philosophie der Arithmetik(1891). In order to solve the problem of imaginary entities Husserl introduced,independently of Hilbert, two notions of completeness (definiteness in Husserl'sterminology) for a formal axiomatic (...) system. I present and discuss these notionshere, establishing also parallels between Husserl's and Hilbert's notions ofcompleteness. (shrink)

Publishing has become, in several respects, more challenging in recent years. Academics are faced with evolving ethics that appear to be more stringent in a bid to reduce scientific fraud, the emergence of science watchdogs that are now scrutinizing the published literature with critical eyes to hold academics, editors and publishers more accountable, and a barrage of checks and balances that are required between when a paper is submitted and eventually accepted, to ensure quality control. Scientists are often under increasing (...) pressure to produce papers in an increasingly stringent publishing environment. In such a climate, timing is everything, as is the efficiency of the process. Academics appreciate that rejections are part of the fabric of attempting to get a paper published, but they expect the reason to be clear, based on careful evaluation of their work, and not on superficial or unsubstantiated excuses. A desk rejection occurs when a paper gets rejected even before it has entered the peer review process. This paper examines the features of some desk rejections and offers some guidelines that would make desk rejections valid, fair and ethical. Academics who publish are under constant pressure to do so quickly, but effectively. They are dependent on the editors’ good judgment and the publisher’s procedures. Unfair, unsubstantiated, or tardy desk rejections disadvantage academics, and editors and publishers must be held accountable for wasting their time, resources, and patience. (shrink)

This opinion paper takes aim at an error made recently by Clarivate Analytics in which it sent out an email that congratulated academics for becoming exclusive members of academia’s most cited elite, the Highly Cited Researchers. However, that email was sent out to an undisclosed number of non-HCRs, who were offered an apology shortly after, through a bulk mail, which tried to down-play the importance of the error, all the while praising the true HCRs. When Clarivate Analytics senior management was (...) contacted, the company declined to offer an indication of the number of academics who had been contacted and erroneously awarded the HCR status. We believe that this regrettable blunder, together with the opacity offered by the company, fortify the corporate attitude about the value of the journal impact factor, and what it represents, namely a marketing tool that is falsely used to equate citations with quality, worth, or influence. The continued commercialization of metrics such as the JIF is at the heart of their use to assess the “quality” of a researcher, their work, or a journal, and contributes to a great extent to driving scientific activities towards a futile endeavor. (shrink)

After examining some of the most fundamental aspects of the general concept of ‘neuroright’ in the current discussion, this paper analyzes the concept of ‘the mental’ contained in the very first law of neurorights in the world currently under discussion in the Senate of the Republic of Chile (Bulletin 13.828-19 of the Chilean Senate). It is claimed that the lack of specificity of the target notion might not only posit difficulties for the creation of specific legal frameworks for the protection (...) of subjects from potential misuses of neurotechnologies with access to neural data, but it might also make very difficult the process of decision-taking when interpreting the law. (shrink)

This article discusses the theories of perception of Robert Kilwardby and Peter of John Olivi. Our aim is to show how in challenging certain assumptions of medieval Aristotelian theories of perception they drew on Augustine and argued for the active nature of the soul in sense perception. For both Kilwardby and Olivi, the soul is not passive with respect to perceived objects; rather, it causes its own cognitive acts with respect to external objects and thus allows the subject to perceive (...) them. We also show that Kilwardby and Olivi differ substantially regarding where the activity of the soul is directed to and the role of the sensible species in the process, and we demonstrate that there are similarities between their ideas of intentionality and the attention of the soul towards the corporeal world. (shrink)

This article intends to explore the philosophical potency in the work of the black writer Carolina Maria de Jesus (1914-1977). Carolina de Jesus is best known for her work Quarto de Despejo, diary of a favelada (1960), our approach, however, focuses specifically on her short story “Socrates Africano”, in which she deals with her experience with her grandfather Benedito and the relationship between her wisdom and that of the Greek philosopher Sócrates (5th century BC). Her reflection starts from the attempt (...) to understand the reason why her grandfather was compared to Socrates and called “African Socrates”. In this sense, we intend to expand the idea of an African Socrates and the origins of one of the African philosophical matrices, the Yoruba tradition, dialoguing with the thought of the Nigerian philosopher Sophie Oluwole (1935-2018) and her approximation between Socrates and Orunmilá, as a motto to think about the philosophical potentialities of Carolina's work and the traits of an Afro-Brazilian philosophy. (shrink)

Since its onset, scholars have characterized social media as a valuable source for data collection since it presents several benefits (e.g. exploring research questions with hard-to-reach populations). Nonetheless, methods of online data collection are riddled with ethical and methodological challenges that researchers must consider if they want to adopt good practices when collecting and analyzing online data. Drawing from our primary research project, where we collected passive online data on Reddit, we explore and detail the steps that researchers must consider (...) before collecting online data: (1) planning online data collection; (2) ethical considerations; and (3) data collection. We also discuss two atypical questions that researchers should also consider: (1) how to handle deleted user-generated content; and (2) how to quote user-generated content. Moving on from the dichotomous discussion between what is public and private data, we present recommendations for good practices when collecting and analyzing qualitative online data. (shrink)

This study explores the role that business schools have in developing favorable attitudes toward business involvement in corporate social responsibility. Two cohorts of incoming students from two internationally accredited MBA programs in Chile and two cohorts of graduating students from the same institutions were compared in terms of their attitudes toward the role of business in alleviating social ills and the role they assigned to business schools in preparing managers to effectively address social issues. The attitudes expressed by graduates of (...) the two programs changed after program completion. Faculty attitudes toward business involvement in CSR may play a role in the observed differences between the graduates of both institutions. (shrink)

Many believe the existence of a moral right to some good should lead to recognition of a corresponding legal right to that good. If, for instance, there is a moral right to healthcare, it is natural to believe countries should recognize a legal right to healthcare. This article demonstrates that justifying legal rights to healthcare is more difficult than many assume. The existence of a moral right is insufficient to justify recognition of a corresponding justiciable constitutional right. Further conditions on (...) when it is appropriate to recognize constitutional rights are rarely satisfied in the healthcare case. And focusing on aspirational or statutory rights presents costs for those seeking to justify legal rights on the basis of corresponding moral ones while maintaining empirical challenges for justifying constitutional rights. This suggests movement from a moral right to a corresponding legal one is far from straightforward and justifies examining alternative means of realizing moral socio‐economic rights such as the proposed moral right to healthcare. (shrink)

A RESPONSABILIDADE DO ESTADO NA TERCEIRIZAÇÃO: UM PARALELO ENTRE O DIREITO À VERBA ALIMENTAR DO TRABALHADOR E A PROMOÇÃO DO ESTADO SEGURADOR DO SEGMENTO PRIVADO.

Este estudo investigou práticas educativas de pais e educadores sociais e estratégias de coping adotadas por crianças abrigadas. Participaram da pesquisa 20 crianças, entre sete e 11 anos. Elas responderam a duas entrevistas, que objetivavam identificar práticas educativas e problemas nos ambientes ..

This work offers a new democratic case for federalism, understood as a form of governance in which multiple entities in a country possess final decision-making authority (viz., can make decisions free from others substituting their decisions, issuing fines, etc.) over at least one subject (e.g., immigration, defense). It argues that leading solutions to the democratic boundary problem provide overlapping arguments for federalism. The underlying logic and many details of the most commonly cited solutions focused on those relevantly affected by and (...) subject to decisions each support three distinct arguments (focused on voteshares, other forms of democratic influence, and persistent minorities) for multiple demoi possessing authority in a polity. Federalism is the best available method for recognizing the distinct demoi. This not only supports federal governance as opposed to unitary governance and subsidiarity. It also suggests that democracy and federalism are importantly related and have several implications for institutional design. (shrink)

Without peer reviewers, the entire scholarly publishing system as we currently know it would collapse. However, as it currently stands, publishing is an extremely exploitative system, relative to o...

A very important event took place on January 15, 2017. On that day, the Jeffrey Beall blog was silently, and suddenly, shut down by Beall himself. A profoundly divisive and controversial site, the Beall blog represented an existential threat to those journals and publishers that were listed there. On the other hand, the Beall blog was a ray of hope to critics of bad publishing practices that a culture of public shaming was perhaps the only way to rout out those (...) journals—and their editors—and publishers who did not respect basic publishing ethical principles and intrinsic academic values. While members of the former group vilified Beall and his blog, members of the latter camp tried to elevate it to the level of policy. Split by extreme polar forces, for reasons still unknown to the public, Beall deliberately shut down his blog, causing some academic chaos among global scholars, including to the open access movement. (shrink)

Despite being one of the major figures in late medieval thought and being the subject of numerous studies, certain topics concerning the Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa remain in need of further investigation. One of these is an aspect of his theory of cognition: his account of sense perception. It is our aim in this study to systematically look at his scattered remarks on the topic and make a number of suggestions as to the nature of his thought on how we (...) come to know external things. It is not our purpose to offer a comprehensive account of his theory of cognition. Our focus in this article is on his account of perception and the specific claim that Nicholas develops a model whereby reason operates together with the senses in perceptual experience. Despite being tentative our claim is grounded on suggestions found in the scholarship on Cusanus; but these suggestions remain quite vague and in need of exploration. In this article, we closely examine the textual evidence and develop our claim based o... (shrink)

Pela dimensão da crítica literária de Benedito Nunes, a sua história intelectual e os desdobramentos do seu pensamento são indispensáveis aos estudiosos que procuram compreendê-lo como filósofo da literatura, teórico e intérprete da Amazônia. Cabe a este artigo apresentar um conjunto de pesquisas sobre sua crítica de literatura e uma síntese do seu itinerário intelectual em Belém do Pará. Morador da Rua da Estrela no bairro do Marco, na capital paraense, Benedito Nunes não se considerava uma “planta nativa”, por isso (...) criticava o localismo e as visões endógenas da arte, mas, a partir de estudos avançados, em aulas, entrevistas, ensaios, orientações, seminários se tornou um “fazedor de intelectuais”, guiando uma rede de sociabilidade em diversas instituições do Pará. Assim, com ênfase na relação entre filosofia e literatura, construiu uma trajetória e uma crítica com alcance ético e universalizante. Seus ensaios circularam em jornais e revistas com grande impacto cultural. Seus estudos no campo literário contribuíram enormemente para a validação estética e histórica de autores da Literatura da Amazônia paraense como Mário Faustino, Max Martins, Paulo Plínio Abreu, Ruy Barata e muitas outras vozes invisibilizadas pelo cânone brasileiro. (shrink)

APONTAMENTOS SOBRE A PESQUISA EM DIREITO NO BRASIL.

The purpose of this article is to follow a precise period of the trajectory of the experience of consciousness in Hegelian philosophy. It was chosen the subsection “sense-certainty or this or the aiming” of the Phenomenology of Spirit as standpoint. In a first moment, the aspects that Hegel calls “natural conscience”, based on his “immediate knowledge” are underscored. Since such perspective, it is analyzed the cognitive-instrumental relationship between consciousness and the object of consciousness, notably when the object is considered essential, (...) namely, as "This". In as much as it is targeted, the “This” reveals itself as an “This-here-now” as something that carries itself its negation, that is, the “this" has the role of a mediation process anchored in the universality contained in the particularity. This notion of universal imposes on the “immediate conscience” a set of premises that it could not accept under the risk of being mischaracterized. The main aspect amid them concerns the impossibility of saying what its object is and, therefore, aspiring to constitute itself as knowledge. Finally, it is highlighted that the failure of this first form of knowledge that calls itself a “certainty” exposes the pedagogical character of the dialectical procedure developed in the Phenomenology of the Spirit: the consciousness improves itself with its own illusions, losing itself under the immanence of its experiences, its failures and the process of overcoming, upon on the act of experiencing. (shrink)

RESUMO A compreensão é um processo que fundamenta a atividade educativa e permite o desenvolvimento do ensino e da aprendizagem. Este artigo apresenta um esforço teórico para sintetizar o conceito de compreensão presente nas contribuições de Bakhtin e do Círculo, baseado em uma revisão das obras Marxismo e filosofia da linguagem. Problemas fundamentais do método sociológico na ciência da linguagem e O freudismo, bem como dos ensaios Os gêneros do discurso, presente na coletânea Estética da criação verbal, e O discurso (...) no romance, da coletânea Questões de literatura e de estética: a teoria do romance, de M. Bakhtin. De acordo com o Círculo, a compreensão é composta por elementos concretos, ideológicos e axiológicos, além de ser um processo que permite a representação e o prolongamento da atividade comunicativa. ABSTRACT Understanding is a process that grounds educational activity and enables the development of teaching and learning. This article presents a theoretical effort to synthesize the concept of understanding in the works of Bakhtin and the Circle. This paper was based on a review of the works Marxism and the Philosophy of Language and Freudianism: a Marxist critique; and on a review of the essay The Problem of Speech Genres, in the collection BAKHTIN, M., Speech Genres and Other Late Essays, and the essay Discourse in the Novel, in BAKHTIN, M., The Dialogical Imagination: Four Essays. According to the Circle, understanding is composed of concrete, ideological, and axiological elements; it is a process that allows the representation and extension of communication. (shrink)

Foucault coined the term biopolitics when thinking about political philosophy, this concept designates a double path: a) anatomo-politics (regulation of bodies) and b) biopolitics of the population (massification of behaviors). Among these notions, the police emerges: a device that is an apparatus of discipline and a state apparatus and characterizes modern political rationality as a “political technology of doctors” between the 17th and 18th centuries (Classical Era). This work, therefore, focuses on investigating the notion of police in Foucault’s writings from (...) the prism of a genealogy of the police as a bio-police and questioning whether this idea is born as 1) a device of repression, as one thinks, or 2) advocates a technique of improving state sovereignty and strengthening the state within the state. In this work we defend the second hypothesis. (shrink)

Como podemos observar na sociedade contemporânea, as relações de poder estão cada vez mais disseminadas por todos os lados, seja nas relações familiares, num grupo de amigos, numa instituição, numa empresa, em cargos públicos, etc, e essas relações podem-se caracterizar de forma simples (entre dois indivíduos) ou numa esfera mais complexa (empresa, cidade ou país). E cada uma dessas relações têm em comum o fato de servirem como meio de influência na consulta alheia. Na esfera social, são números demasiados de (...) exemplos ou formas de exercício do poder, todavia podemos destacar as que estão no pódio social, e que são as formas de poder predominantes, são eles: o poder econômico, o poder ideológico e o poder político. O primeiro baseia-se na posse de bens materiais, como meios de produção, à exemplo citado anteriormente o poder do patrão sobre seus empregados, o patrão exerce uma ordem (poder) que, caso não cumprida ou não realizada, o empregado pode até perder seu emprego, por isso o proletário é submetido ao patrão que submete suas leis e vontades sobre os empregados. O segundo exemplo, o poder ideológico, serve-se das ideias ou simplesmente de informações para influenciar, de forma direta ou indireta, a conduta e os princípios dos indivíduos, ou influenciar seus comportamentos sobre algo determinado, à exemplo dessa influência, citemos o papel hegemônico de determinados meios de comunicação sobre as pessoas, o poder que a mídia exerce sobre o comportamento humano é gigantesco. Como exemplo da inclusão mídia na mente humana, podemos citar uma família que se alimentou e se serve satisfeita após a refeição, porém ao assistir um programa e em seu comercial estiver passando a propaganda de um produto alimentício, é da natureza humana sentir fome novamente, e essas famílias irem atrás do produto na própria casa, ou em supermercados, restaurantes, etc, para conseguir o produto. O terceiro e último exemplo, o poder político, goza de ferramentas e variadas técnicas para alcançar a influência na conduta alheia, isto é, tentar mudar uma opinião já formada dos cidadãos sobre determinados assuntos, à exemplo o poder de convencimento de partidos políticos e seus candidatos sobre o eleitorado durante um pleito político ou eleições municipais, estaduais ou federais. Após essa iniciação sobre as três formas de exercício do poder, vamos destrinchar cada uma delas, facilitando a compreensão e os seus respectivos papéis no âmbito social. (shrink)

Western sociology of the body, despite its attempt to create a somatic approach to human existence, inevitably shares many of the rationalistic and Cartesian assumptions of wider Western sociology. A contrasting, and in many ways radically different approach is that found in both classical and contemporary Japanese thought. In this article two major contemporary Japanese theorists of the body - Ichikawa Hiroshi and Yuasa Yasuo - are introduced and their work examined as distinctive, and in the West virtually unknown, contributions (...) to body analysis. Their views are briefly contrasted with some of the major themes of Western, and in particular British, sociology of the body and the implications of their work for future investigation of the human body are sketched out. (shrink)

The philosophy developed by Sartre is the philosophy of freedom. This is confirmed by his work, whether in literary or theatrical texts, in political interventions and even in travel reports; but it is in technical works that this concern is even more evident: Sartre sustains that his philosophy must fulfill three tasks, of which the first – and most important – is the metaphysical liberation of men and women. Being and Nothingness fulfills precisely this task; it is against Kant and (...) distancing itself from Husserl and Heidegger that, first, freedom reveals itself as phenomenological truth: I am freedom; second, against all determinism, whether of externality, such as History (situation, class, etc.), or of interiority, such as Ego (transcendental Self, character, etc.), Sartre shows that freedom is also the foundation of History and the beginning of every individual adventure (life story, Psyche), both expressions of the same genesis: the singularity of freedom, self-sustaining process of being-in-the-world, is the only source of what man is and, consequently, of everything that can come to Being. Phenomenological ontology is the foundational work of the philosophy of freedom. (shrink)

Como toda pesquisa, a fenomenologia sugere pressuposições. O conhecimento sobre o conteúdo de uma "nova" fenomenologia, no caso a material ou da vida, compõe uma relação ímpar no horizonte da contemporaneidade. Este trabalho investiga dois pontos fundamentais deste pensamento: a afetividade e a não-intencionalidade, o que possibilitou uma visão sobre a ética presente no pensamento de Michel Henry.